Glossary and Frequently Asked Questions

Search terms, definitions, and answers about the UAF 2026 Due Diligence Guide

Flexible search: find results even with similar words

A

AML Anti-Money Laundering

Set of laws, regulations, and procedures designed to prevent criminals from disguising illegally obtained funds as legitimate income. AML frameworks require obligated entities to implement due diligence, monitoring, and reporting mechanisms.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 1

ARA Risk Self-Assessment

Process through which the obligated entity identifies, evaluates, and documents its exposure risks to ML/TF/PWMD considering its clients, products, channels, and jurisdictions. Basis for designing proportional controls.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.2

B

Bearer Shares

Stock certificates that do not register the owner's name, allowing anonymous transfer. Considered high risk for ML/TF/PWMD. Enhanced DD is required when present in a client's structure.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.5

Beneficial Owner BO

Natural person who ultimately owns or controls a client or on whose behalf a transaction is conducted. Includes those who own 20% or more of share capital, exercise effective control through other means, or economically or legally benefit from the operation.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.4

C

CFT Counter Financing of Terrorism

Measures and controls designed to prevent, detect, and disrupt the financing of terrorist activities. Part of the broader AML/CFT framework that obligated entities must implement.

Ref: Law 155-17; UAF Guide 2026

Code of Conduct

Document establishing ethical principles and behavioral standards that employees and collaborators of the obligated entity must follow regarding ML/TF/PWMD prevention.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 8

Compliance Officer CO

Person designated by the obligated entity to lead and supervise the ML/TF/PWMD prevention program. Must have authority, access to information, and a direct line to senior management.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 8.2

Compliance Program

Set of policies, procedures, controls, and resources implemented by the obligated entity to prevent and detect ML/TF/PWMD. Must be proportional to the entity's size and risk profile.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 8

CONCLAFIT

National Committee against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing. Coordinating body for the ML/TF/PWMD prevention system in the Dominican Republic.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 3

Control by Kinship

Criterion recognizing as Beneficial Owners natural persons related by marriage, consanguinity, or affinity up to the second degree who, together, meet the 20% threshold or exercise effective control.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.4

D

Due Diligence DD

Comprehensive and dynamic process of client and transaction identification, verification, analysis, evaluation, and monitoring to manage ML/TF/PWMD risk. Includes four phases: identification, measurement, control, and monitoring.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5

De-Risking

Practice of automatically rejecting or terminating business relationships based on a single risk factor (such as being a PEP) without individualized analysis. The 2026 Guide discourages this practice.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.1

Distribution Channel

Medium or pathway through which insurance products are marketed. Includes agents, brokers, bancassurance, and digital channels. The channel used is a risk factor in client evaluation.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.3

E

Enhanced Due Diligence EDD

DD level applicable to high-risk clients. Triggers include: PEPs, third parties/trusts, high-risk jurisdictions, non-face-to-face relationships, companies with bearer shares, and complex structures.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6

F

FATF Financial Action Task Force

Intergovernmental organization that sets international standards to combat money laundering and terrorism financing. The 2026 Guide aligns with FATF 2025 standards.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 1

H

High-Risk Jurisdiction

Country or territory identified by FATF or competent bodies as deficient in ML/TF/PWMD controls. Clients linked to these jurisdictions require Enhanced Due Diligence.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.2

I

Inherent Risk

Level of ML/TF/PWMD risk before applying mitigating controls. Determines the intensity of DD measures required.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.4

Insurance Intermediary

Natural or legal person acting as a link between the client and the insurer. Includes agents and brokers. They are independent obligated entities with their own DD responsibilities.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026; Law 146-02

Integration

Third and final stage of money laundering where "clean" funds are reintroduced into the legitimate economy. Policy surrenders can be used for this purpose.

Ref: Law 155-17

K

KYC Know Your Customer

Initial form or instrument for collecting basic client identification data. Should not be confused with Due Diligence, which is a broader and more comprehensive process.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.8.7

L

Law 155-17

Law against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing of the Dominican Republic. Main legal framework establishing obligations for obligated entities, typifying crimes, and creating the UAF.

Ref: Law 155-17

Layering

Second stage of money laundering where multiple transactions are performed to conceal the origin of funds. In insurance, may include multiple policies, surrenders, and reinvestments.

Ref: Law 155-17

M

Money Laundering ML

Process of concealing the illicit origin of assets or resources derived from criminal activities to give them the appearance of legality. Comprises the stages of placement, layering, and integration.

Ref: Law 155-17, Art. 3

ML/TF/PWMD

Money Laundering, Terrorism Financing, and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Term encompassing the three crimes that the prevention system seeks to combat.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026

N

Nominee / Nominal Shareholder

Person who appears as owner of shares or assets on behalf of another person. Indicator of possible concealment of beneficial owner. Requires identifying the true owner.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.4

O

Obligated Entity OE

Natural or legal person required by law to comply with ML/TF/PWMD prevention regulations. Includes financial institutions, insurance, real estate, notaries, and other specific sectors.

Ref: Law 155-17, Art. 35

OFAC

Office of Foreign Assets Control. U.S. Department of Treasury agency that administers economic sanctions. Its SDN list is a mandatory reference in DD.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.5

Ongoing Monitoring

Fourth phase of DD consisting of permanent surveillance of the business relationship to detect changes in risk profile, unusual operations, or red flags.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.9

P

Politically Exposed Person PEP

Person who holds or has held prominent public functions in the country or abroad. Includes 35 specific categories according to Decree 408-17. PEP status extends to family members and close associates.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.1; Decree 408-17, Art. 19

Placement

First stage of money laundering where illicit funds are introduced into the financial system. In insurance, may manifest through payment of high premiums in cash.

Ref: Law 155-17

Policy Beneficiary

Person designated to receive the benefit of an insurance policy. According to the 2026 Guide, they are considered Beneficial Owners and must be identified and, in risk cases, verified.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.4

Policy Surrender

Early cancellation of a life insurance policy with a savings component to recover the accumulated value. Early surrender with significant loss is a money laundering red flag.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Red Flags in Insurance

PWMD

Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. New addition in the 2026 Guide, expanding the scope from ML/TF to ML/TF/PWMD.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026

R

Risk-Based Approach RBA

Guiding principle establishing that the intensity of DD measures must be proportional to the identified risk level. Allows efficient allocation of resources.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.1

Red Flag

Indicator or circumstance suggesting possible link to ML/TF/PWMD. Does not imply certainty of illicit activity but requires additional analysis and documentation.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 7

Reporting Threshold

Amount above which a cash transaction automatically triggers a reporting obligation (CTR). In DR: RD$500,000 or equivalent. Does not apply to suspicious operations, which are reported regardless of amount.

Ref: Decree 408-17, Art. 33

Residual Risk

Level of risk remaining after applying control and mitigation measures. Must be acceptable to the entity; otherwise, the relationship should be rejected.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.4

Risk Factor

Element or characteristic influencing the ML/TF/PWMD risk level. Includes client factors (activity, location, PEP), product factors (complexity, liquidity), and channel factors (in-person, remote).

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.3

Risk Matrix

Tool for classifying clients by risk level combining multiple factors (client, product, channel, jurisdiction). Result: low, medium, or high risk.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.4

S

Sanctions List

Databases of persons and entities subject to restrictions for terrorism, drug trafficking, or other illicit activities. Includes OFAC, UN, EU lists. Must be consulted during DD.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.5

Sanctions Regulation Res. 08/2023

Resolution establishing the procedural regime for administrative sanctions by the Insurance Superintendency against obligated entities (insurers, reinsurers, brokers) for violations of Law 155-17. Defines infractions, sanctioning procedure (investigative and decisional phases), available remedies, and due process guarantees.

Ref: Insurance Superintendency, Resolution 08/2023

Simplified Due Diligence SDD

DD level applicable to clients classified as low risk. Allows minimum information and extended deadlines. Linked to financial inclusion. Does NOT apply if there is suspicion of ML/TF/PWMD.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6

Senior Management

Executive level of the obligated entity with authority to approve high-risk relationships, compliance policies, and escalation decisions. Their involvement is required for PEP clients and high-risk cases.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.1

Single Premium

Payment method where the total insurance cost is paid in one payment. Due to its nature (high amounts), it can be used for money laundering and requires verification of source of funds.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Red Flags in Insurance

Smurfing Structuring

Laundering technique consisting of splitting operations into smaller amounts to avoid reporting thresholds or controls. Critical red flag.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Red Flags

Source of Funds

Activity generating the resources used in a specific operation. Key question: Where do the funds for this operation come from? Always verified, proportional to risk.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.7

Source of Wealth

General source of the client's assets. Key question: How did they accumulate their total wealth? Verified only in high-risk cases, PEPs, or complex structures.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.7

Standard Due Diligence

DD level applicable to medium-risk clients. Includes complete identification, BO verification, relationship purpose, documentation, and risk evaluation.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6

Straw Man

Person who lends their name to conceal the true owner or beneficiary of assets, accounts, or transactions. Common money laundering technique. Identifying straw men is a key DD objective.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.4

CTR Cash Transaction Report

Mandatory communication to the UAF of cash operations exceeding the established threshold (currently RD$500,000 or its equivalent in foreign currency).

Ref: Law 155-17; Decree 408-17

SAR Suspicious Activity Report

Communication that obligated entities must send to the UAF when they detect operations that could be linked to ML/TF/PWMD.

Ref: Law 155-17

Superintendency of Insurance

Regulatory body for the insurance sector in the Dominican Republic. Supervises compliance with ML/TF/PWMD prevention regulations by insurers and intermediaries.

Ref: Law 146-02

Insurance Sector ML/TF Prevention Regulation

Regulation governing the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing for the Insurance Sector, issued by the Superintendency of Insurance. Establishes specific requirements for insurers, reinsurers, and insurance intermediaries regarding DD, reports, and internal controls.

Ref: Superintendency of Insurance of the Dominican Republic

T

Terrorism Financing TF

Provision or collection of funds with the intention that they be used to commit terrorist acts or to finance terrorist organizations.

Ref: Law 155-17

Third-Party Intermediary

Person acting on behalf of another in a transaction. When the relationship is established through third parties, Enhanced DD is required to identify the final client.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.3

Transactional Profile

Expected pattern of a client's operations based on their economic activity, income, and relationship purpose. Basis for detecting unusual operations.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.6

Typology

Recurring pattern or method used to commit ML/TF/PWMD. In insurance, includes: premium overpricing, early surrenders, use of shell beneficiaries, among others.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Annexes

U

UAF Financial Analysis Unit

Agency responsible for receiving, requesting, analyzing, and disseminating information related to possible ML/TF/PWMD activities. Issues the Due Diligence Guide.

Ref: Law 155-17

Unusual Operation

Transaction that deviates from the known client profile or normal market patterns. Not necessarily suspicious, but requires additional analysis.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 7

V

Verification

Process of confirming the accuracy of information provided by the client through independent sources, official documents, or reliable databases.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.3

Cooling-Off Period

3-year period after a PEP ceases functions during which Enhanced DD measures are maintained. Subsequently, enhanced monitoring continues.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 6.1.3.1

Life Insurance with Savings

Insurance product combining death protection with value accumulation (savings/investment component). Considered higher ML/TF/PWMD risk due to allowing high premiums, surrender value, and value transfer. Requires DD proportional to amount.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.3

Onboarding

Process of establishing a business relationship with a new client. Key moment to perform initial DD and classify risk level.

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 5.1

Suspicious Operation

Operation that, after analysis, presents indications of connection to ML/TF/PWMD. Generates obligation to file a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) with the UAF.

Ref: Law 155-17; UAF Guide 2026, Section 7

General Due Diligence

KYC is an initial form or instrument that collects basic identification data. Due Diligence is a much broader process that includes:

  • Verification of provided information
  • Risk factor analysis
  • Transactional profile evaluation
  • Ongoing monitoring
  • Periodic updates

In summary: KYC is the starting point, DD is the entire risk management process.

The 2026 Guide introduces a structured methodology in four phases:

  • Phase 1 - Identification: Collect client data, identify BO, obtain information on source of funds
  • Phase 2 - Measurement: Verify BO, evaluate source of funds/wealth, analyze risk factors, assign risk level
  • Phase 3 - Control: Apply documentary requirements, establish limits, make acceptance/rejection decisions
  • Phase 4 - Monitoring: Systematic review, evaluation updates, alert activation

Source of Funds (where does the money for this operation come from?):

  • Always verified, proportional to risk
  • Applies to each significant operation

Source of Wealth (how did they accumulate their total assets?):

  • Only in high-risk cases
  • When the client is a PEP
  • In complex structures
  • When there are inconsistencies between profile and operations

Insurance Sector - General Questions

According to Decree 408-17 and the 2026 Guide, mandatory DD applies only to:

  • Life insurance
  • Insurance with investment component (e.g.: universal life, investment-linked annuities)

However, the 2026 Guide recommends applying proportional controls to other high-value products, such as high-value single premium policies or high-amount property insurance.

Life insurance with savings combines protection and value accumulation, generating characteristics that can be exploited for ML/TF/PWMD:

  • Surrender value: Allows recovering funds before maturity, facilitating "cleaning" of illicit money
  • High premiums: Accepts single payments or high premiums that can serve to place large sums
  • Investment component: Money generates returns, adding legitimacy to funds
  • Transferability: In some cases allows beneficiary changes or assignment of rights
  • Death benefit: Payment to beneficiaries can be used to transfer value to third parties

Required controls:

  • Source of funds verification proportional to premium amount
  • Coherence analysis between economic profile and premiums paid
  • Monitoring of early surrenders, especially with loss
  • Scrutiny of beneficiary changes
  • Enhanced DD for high-value single premiums

Ref: UAF Guide 2026, Section 4.3 (Product Risk Factors)

Yes. The 2026 Guide explicitly establishes that "designated beneficiaries in insurance or financial instruments" are considered Beneficial Owners.

This means you must:

  • Identify them with full name and identity document
  • Document the relationship with the insured
  • Apply additional scrutiny if they are unrelated third parties
  • Verify at the time of claim

Not always, but it requires analysis. These are red flags:

  • Surrender very close to purchase (e.g.: less than 2 years)
  • Surrender with significant loss without reasonable justification
  • Request for payment to third party
  • Fractioning of surrenders in amounts just below thresholds

A surrender due to documented economic need, after several years in force, is generally not concerning.

No. The 2026 Guide establishes a clear policy against indiscriminate "de-risking."

What you should do:

  • Apply Enhanced DD
  • Verify source of funds for premiums
  • Document the risk analysis
  • Implement reasonable mitigation measures
  • Obtain Senior Management approval
  • Establish enhanced monitoring

Only reject when residual risk is unacceptable, documenting the justification.

Insurance Brokers

Yes. The 2026 Guide is clear: the broker is an obligated entity in their own right, not merely a channel for the insurer.

This means they must:

  • Have their own Compliance Program
  • Designate a compliance officer
  • Apply DD to their clients
  • Maintain their own documentation for 10 years
  • Report directly to the UAF when appropriate

Yes, if you identify a suspicious operation.

The broker's reporting duty is independent of:

  • Whether the insurer accepts or rejects the policy
  • Whether the insurer also reports
  • The commercial decision taken

The broker, having direct contact with the client, may detect red flags that the insurer does not perceive.

The broker must maintain for 10 years:

  • Client knowledge form
  • Copy of identity documents
  • Information about insurance purpose
  • Premium vs. economic profile coherence analysis
  • Communications with the client
  • Record of identified red flags and analysis performed
  • Communications with the insurer about findings

The program must be proportional to your operation, but it must exist. At minimum you need:

  • Written policies and procedures (can be basic)
  • A person designated as compliance officer (can be yourself)
  • Client identification process
  • Red flags list
  • Document filing system
  • Knowledge of how to report to the UAF

Complexity should be proportional to the volume and type of business you handle.

Red Flags in Insurance

High-risk red flags:

  • Premium disproportionate to declared income
  • Insistence on paying high amounts in cash
  • Premium payment by third party without clear relationship
  • Beneficiaries in high-risk jurisdictions
  • Client shows no interest in coverage, only in surrender
  • Reluctance to provide source of funds information

Medium-risk red flags:

  • Multiple policies with different insurers
  • Very high single premium
  • Unjustified rush to complete the purchase

It depends on context. These are red flags:

  • Frequent changes (more than 2 times per year)
  • Changes to persons without evident family relationship
  • Changes without reasonable justification
  • New beneficiaries in risk jurisdictions
  • Beneficiaries that are opaque legal entities

Normal changes (e.g.: due to marriage, birth of children, death of original beneficiary) are not concerning.

Sanctions Lists and Verification

Sanctions lists are databases containing persons and entities subject to international sanctions for terrorism, drug trafficking, arms proliferation, or other serious crimes.

Main lists to check:

  • OFAC (SDN List): Specially Designated Nationals list from U.S. Treasury
  • UN: Security Council Consolidated List
  • European Union: EU Sanctions List
  • National List: Local list issued by Dominican authorities

When to check?

  • When onboarding a new client
  • When adding or changing beneficiaries
  • Periodically for existing clients (based on risk)
  • Upon any red flag

OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) is the U.S. Department of Treasury agency that administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions programs.

Why is it important?

  • Any transaction with persons on the OFAC list can have severe legal consequences
  • Applies to U.S. dollar transactions or those involving the U.S. financial system
  • Dominican insurers and brokers are exposed if they process international transactions
  • Non-compliance can result in multi-million dollar fines and exclusion from the financial system

Search tool: sanctionssearch.ofac.treas.gov

If you find a potential match:

  1. Do not proceed with the operation until verified
  2. Check if it is a false positive: Compare all available data (full name, date of birth, document, nationality)
  3. Document the analysis: Record verification steps taken
  4. If confirmed match:
    • Do not conduct any transaction
    • Freeze any existing relationship
    • Report immediately to the UAF
    • Inform your Compliance Officer
  5. If false positive: Document the differences that demonstrate it and proceed with caution

Structuring and Laundering Techniques

Smurfing or structuring is a money laundering technique consisting of splitting large operations into multiple small operations to avoid reporting thresholds or controls.

Characteristics:

  • Multiple deposits or payments just below the threshold (e.g.: payments of RD$490,000 when threshold is RD$500,000)
  • Operations carried out by different related persons
  • Use of multiple accounts, branches, or institutions
  • Repetitive patterns in short time periods

In insurance: Can manifest as multiple small policies, fractioned premium payments, or use of several brokers for the same family.

Red flags for structuring in insurance:

  • Client acquiring multiple small policies when a single larger policy would be more convenient
  • Family members acquiring similar policies in short time
  • Premium payments in repetitive amounts just below thresholds
  • Payments from multiple accounts or by multiple third parties
  • Client specifically asking about reporting thresholds
  • Resistance to consolidating existing policies
  • Request to split a single premium into multiple payments without justification

Recommended action: Document observations, consult with compliance area, and consider if a SAR is warranted.

Main typologies in the insurance sector:

  • Single premium and surrender: Pay high cash premium then surrender the policy (with loss) to obtain "clean" funds
  • Third-party payment: Unrelated third parties pay the insured's premiums
  • Suspicious beneficiaries: Designating beneficiaries in risk jurisdictions or without logical relationship
  • Over-insurance: Insuring assets for inflated values then claiming fraudulent losses
  • Premium structuring: Fractioning payments to avoid thresholds
  • Use of opaque intermediaries: Multiple layers of intermediaries to hide the true client
  • Frequent beneficiary changes: Repeatedly modifying beneficiaries to transfer value

Dominican Legal Framework

Law 155-17 against Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing establishes:

  • DD obligation: Identify and verify clients
  • Mandatory reports: SAR and CTR to the UAF
  • Document retention: 10 years minimum
  • Compliance program: Policies, procedures, and controls
  • Training: Continuous staff training
  • Confidentiality: Do not reveal to client that they were reported

Sanctions for non-compliance:

  • Administrative fines
  • License suspension
  • Criminal liability in serious cases

Law 155-17:

  • Main legal framework (organic law)
  • Establishes general obligations
  • Defines crimes and sanctions
  • Creates the UAF and institutional structure

Decree 408-17:

  • Implementing regulation of the Law
  • Details specific procedures
  • Defines thresholds and PEP categories
  • Specifies documentary requirements

UAF Guide 2026:

  • Technical guidance from the UAF
  • DD methodology (4 phases)
  • Risk-based approach
  • Best practices and examples

The three complement each other: the Law establishes the "what," the Decree the "how much," and the Guide the "how."

The Regulation Governing the Prevention of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing for the Insurance Sector is a specific regulation issued by the Superintendency of Insurance of the Dominican Republic.

Scope:

  • Insurers and reinsurers
  • Insurance brokers
  • Insurance agents
  • Other sector intermediaries

Main content:

  • Specific DD obligations for the sector
  • Compliance Officer requirements
  • Prevention program and internal controls
  • Reporting procedures (SAR/CTR)
  • Document retention
  • Staff training

Relationship with other regulations:

Complements Law 155-17, Decree 408-17, and the UAF Guide, adapting general requirements to the particularities of the insurance business. Compliance is mandatory for all entities regulated by the Superintendency.

Resolution 08/2023 establishes the procedural regime for the exercise of sanctioning powers by the Insurance Superintendency under Law 155-17.

Entities covered:

  • Insurance companies
  • Reinsurance companies
  • Insurance brokers
  • Persons in management or executive positions

Sanctioning procedure:

  • Investigative phase: Preliminary investigation by investigating official
  • Decisional phase: Resolution issuance by sanctioning body
  • Guarantees: Right to defense, presumption of innocence, due process

Available remedies:

  • Reconsideration appeal (before the Superintendency)
  • Hierarchical appeal (before the Minister of Finance)
  • Administrative litigation appeal (before competent court)

Applicable sanctions: According to articles 74 and following of Law 155-17, including warnings, fines, and license suspension.